Earlier this 12 months, the Rayonism hackathon kicked off to protoype the structure for Ethereum’s transition to proof of stake. The transition, typically refered to as The Merge, will preserve the present beacon chain (eth2) and execution layer (eth1) purchasers, and “merge” each chains by making the beacon chain drive the execution layer’s consensus. This strategy is the latest in a sequence of iterations to the Ethereum roadmap (extra on that right here).
Whereas Rayonism proved that this was a sound structure, there have been nonetheless a number of issues left to design, implement and check, together with the precise proof of labor (PoW) to proof of stake (PoS) transition. To take action, consumer groups met nose to nose final week (analogous to the Eth2 Interop from 2019) for a workshop named Amphora 
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Right here is an summary of the primary issues that had been achieved through the workshop, and the trail from right here to The Merge.
Amphora Milestones
The aim of the occasion was to get the execution and consensus layer consumer groups to iron out excellent points within the specification and attain a set of improvement milestones. Every milestone received purchasers nearer to a completely functioning merge devnet which transitioned from PoW to PoS. Representatives of Besu, Erigon, EthereumJS, Geth, Nethermind, Nimbus, Lighthouse, Lodestar, Quilt and Teku attended the workshop in particular person. The Prysm group, together with a number of members from the aforementioned groups, participated remotely.
The Amphora Milestones aimed to first get purchasers conforming with the spec, then regularly including extra complexity and at last rising the quantity of different purchasers they might interoperate with.
The primary milestone, M1, solely required purchasers to implement the merge specification. It was accomplished by most groups previous to the workshop even beginning! To assist purchasers validate their implementation, a number of – testing – suites had been offered.
Then, milestones M2, M3 and M4 had consumer groups arrange devnets with an rising technical complexity and node range. M2 had execution layer (EL) and consensus layer (CL) groups pair one on one, and launch a post-merge devnet. This ensured that each layers might efficiently talk by way of the Engine API in a PoS context.
M3 is the place the Amphora workshop moved a step past Rayonism: purchasers arrange emphemeral devnets which ran via the PoW to PoS transition.
The transition relies on PoW issue: as soon as a block’s issue equals or exceeds a particular worth, referred to as TERMINAL_TOTAL_DIFFICULTY, or TTD, it’s thought-about the ultimate PoW block. The execution layer then begins listening to the PoS consensus layer for brand new blocks. To make sure that every group’s implementation was sturdy, EL groups had to connect with two CL purchasers and vice-versa to cross M3.
M4 was the actual goal for the occasion: to get a number of EL & CL purchasers on a devnet which went via your complete PoW to PoS transition. In different phrases, whereas M3 was about one-to-one devnets, M4 was about many-to-many.
We achieved this for a subset of the groups earlier than the top of the workshop, so we then went for our stretch objective: M5.
Lasting Artifacts
This milestone aimed to show Amphora from a short-lived occasion to lengthy(er)-lived infrastructure that the group might use. M5 required consumer groups to begin a devnet that will not solely run via your complete transition with all consumer mixtures, however that will persist past the Amphora occasion.
On the final day of the workshop, minutes earlier than the ultimate dinner was served, M5 was hit: a community of 10,000 validators throughout 100 nodes and several other consumer implementations launched below PoW, reached the TERMINAL_TOTAL_DIFFICULTY, transitioned to PoS, and efficiently finalized the chain 
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The M5 devnet efficiently finalizes post-merge, minutes earlier than the workshop’s closing dinner. Photograph by Ben Edgington.
Past Amphora
Amphora’s success supplies nice momentum for The Merge. Consumer groups now have a clear checklist of duties they should work towards, and sufficient progress has been made to start reaching out to a bigger phase of the Ethereum group.
Yesterday, a extra steady model of the M5 Amphora devnet, Pithos, was launched. Now that this community is dwell (explorer right here), anticipate public calls exploring how developer instruments and different core Ethereum infrastructure can finest put together for the PoW to PoS transition.
Consumer groups and researchers will preserve iterating on The Merge specification to repair points recognized throughout Amphora and reply to suggestions from the group. Inside a number of weeks the spec needs to be finalized and, quickly after, a brand new steady testnet made accessible.
Thanks
The work achieved throughout Amphora exceeded all of our expectations. For this, we need to thank the consumer groups and researchers, with out whom, not one of the specs would have been written or carried out.
Additionaly, due to ConsenSys, Chainsafe and Ben Edgington for his or her wonderful protection of the workshop.
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